Introduction:
Retained earnings is a balance sheet item included in the equity section; it is the accumulation of all the profits of a company from the point of its commencement minus the profit distributed to the shareholders as dividends.
This is assuming that the entity is making profits.
However, most companies make losses at the starting point of their business, and there are no retained earnings but accumulated losses.
The remaining profit after the distribution is reinvested in the business or is set aside as a reserve for a specific purpose such as the expansion of the business or repayment of debt. Retained earnings are calculated by the following formula.
Description | US$ |
Opening retained earnings | XXX |
Profit/(Loss) for the year | XXX/(XXX) |
Cash dividends | (XXX) |
Stock dividends | (XXX) |
Closing retained earnings | XXX |
The above movement in the account of retained earnings is also shown in the statement of changes in equity. This statement is also part of the final accounts of a company.
Total assets are the total amount of items of economic value owned by a person or an entity that is used for a probable flow of income.
So, What exactly is the retained earnings to total asset ratio?
Retained earnings to the ratio of the total assets is the profitabilities ratio that is used to measure the total retained earnings or accumulated profit that the company generates compare to the total assets of the company at the end of the specific accounting period. This ratio helps in measuring the profitability of the assets of an entity.
It illustrates how much profits over all the years since inception were generated from $1 of total assets. This ratio also gives the company an idea of how much it relies on debt for the funding of its total assets.
Explanation:
A business can finance its operations through equity or debt. Debt includes loans which are to be repaid after a certain amount of time usually with an amount of interest whereas in equity a business raises capital by offering its shares to the public in a stock exchange or to the private individuals; it can also increase its retained earnings by announcing dividends at a lower rate or by cutting cost and increasing profits.
Funds raised through equity do not require to be paid off later but the stake of the company is relinquished from the owners to more shareholders through shares. Retained earnings to total assets depict the financial leverage of the entities, it indicates how assets were financed from retention of profit instead of paying profit out as dividends and acquiring loans.
Formula:
Retained earnings tota total asset ratio = Retained earnings / Total assets
Below is the calculation of the ratio.
Example:
XYZ Ltd
Balance sheet
Amount US$ | Amount US$ | ||
Non-current assets | Current Liabilities | ||
Property, Plant and equipment | 470,000 | Trade Payables | 65,000 |
Current Assets | Non-current liabilities | ||
Cash | 35,000 | Debentures | 150,000 |
Trade Receivables | 50,000 | Equity | |
Inventory | 45,000 | Ordinary share capital | 250,000 |
Retained earnings | 135,000 | ||
Total Assets | 600,000 | Total Liabilities and Equities | 600,000 |
From the above balance sheet retained earnings to the total assets is calculated as follows:
Retained earnings total asset ratio = 135,000 / 600,000
= 22.5%
In this case, the ratio ascertains that the retained earnings fund 22.5% of the total assets used for operations, the rest of 77.5% are financed by share capital and debts. It also shows that for every $1 of assets, a $0.225 accumulated profit has occurred. Therefore, it also measures the profitability of the assets.
The higher the ratio the better because it shows that the entity was successful enough to generate high profits and was able to retain the profits to reinvest in the business.
This is one of the types of equity financing and the most prominent advantage of high retained earnings is that the funds are not required to be payback; no monthly payments, interest payments, unlike debt finance which means the business is most likely to have healthy liquidity position and better cash flows.
If the equity section of the balance sheet is less than the liability section and the retained earnings to total assets ratio is quite low as compared to the industry’s ratios; this will show an alarming situation, the company will be seen as highly geared, which means the company relies mostly on debt for financing its activities.
The investors may not prefer this because most of the profit will be used to cover the interest payments, and fewer profits will remain for dividends and retained earnings. Interest payments can become burdensome and can create cash flow problems.
This can also affect the credit score of the company with too many short-term liabilities. Unable to settle these can also lead to bankruptcy.
There are no ideal retained earnings to total assets ratio for all the entities. Usually, a high percentage is desirable, but the ideality of the balance will vary from industry to industry and from newly commenced businesses to well-established companies, for a better comparison of the industry’s benchmark ratios must be determined, and comparisons must be made with the similar business at the same stage. Following is the illustration is given to differentiate between the retained earnings of unalike industries.
According to the balance sheets as of 2017 of Apple Inc.
Total assets equaled $375,319 and the retained earnings amounted to $98,330 (all in millions)
RE/TA = 98,330 / 375,319
= 26.20%
Whereas in the balance sheets as of 2017 of Amazon
Total assets were $131,310 and the retained earnings equaled $8,636 (all in millions)
RE/TA = 8,636 / 131,310
= 6.58%
The calculations show that Apple has more retained earnings and can easily fund internally, whereas Amazon will need to acquire debt.
However, both entities are operating in different industries. Comparing them to measure how successful they are will not give suitable conclusions.
Most new startup business has few retained earnings and usually losses in the beginning years. Their retained earnings to assets ratio can be too low or negative, but gradually, as the small businesses progress and become profitable, the ratio also goes up.
This shows growth and investors prefer putting their money in these businesses.
However, if any business experiences a downturn in its ratio over time, this will portray that the company is having problems maintaining or increasing its profitability from its operations. It can also mean that it is paying off a lot of dividends to the equity holders reinvesting profits.